PRUEBA DE ESFUERZO
Página actualizada el 13 de octubre de 2022
Nos encontramos en un momento de pleno auge de la práctica deportiva, con un gran número de participantes en carreras populares, maratones, carreras de montaña, triatlones o pruebas de elevada resistencia. Lamentablemente, y asociado a este fenómeno, cada vez es más frecuente que aparezcan en los medios de comunicación noticias con efectos adversos relacionados con esta práctica deportiva.
La prueba de esfuerzo es un procedimiento ampliamente utilizado en medicina deportiva que consiste en la valoración de la respuesta del organismo durante el ejercicio. Sus principales objetivos son el diagnóstico de salud, evidenciando la ausencia de enfermedades o problemas en la esfera cardíaca, y la valoración de la capacidad funcional del deportista. Así, es posible prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares, y adoptar pautas para realizar y practicar cualquier tipo de deporte de forma saludable, adaptándolo a las características y capacidades individuales.
Las pruebas de esfuerzo pueden realizarse de distintas maneras. Los equipos más utilizados son el tapiz rodante y la bicicleta ergométrica. Pueden emplearse indistintamente, siendo la elección de uno u otro equipo variable en función de la situación del paciente o el deporte practicado.
Para efectuar la prueba pueden emplearse diferentes protocolos. Los más recomendables en deportistas son aquellos que suponen incrementos progresivos de la carga de trabajo, con una duración máxima que suele oscilar entre los diez y quince minutos.
La prueba de esfuerzo está indicada para cualquier individuo, desde el sedentario hasta quien corre habitualmente; de cualquier edad y condición. A cada uno de ellos se les hará un reconocimiento con intensidades adaptadas a su nivel y con unos objetivos individualizados.
La Sociedad Catalana de Medicina del Deporte recomienda la práctica de esta prueba como parte del reconocimiento medico deportivo en deportistas mayores de 16 años y también en deportistas mayores de 35 años en función de la intensidad de la actividad que practiquen o su estado de salud basal.
Para individuos que entrenan habitualmente siguiendo una planificación, la prueba de esfuerzo les ayudará a conocer las frecuencias cardiacas a las cuales deben hacer las distintas fases del entrenamiento.
Si la persona que lo quiere realizar no ha practicado deporte en su vida, la información que le puede aportar es aun más valiosa, pues gracias a ella va a conocer su estado de salud real, podrá prevenir enfermedades y le marcará las pautas a seguir para realizar deporte sin riesgos.
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